The Political Career of Kamarajar Essay Example

The Political Career of Kamarajar Essay The political career of Kumaraswamy Kamaraj (1903-1975) spanning about 50 years, cutting across the colonial and post-independent phases, of Indian history, is indeed an enviable record. Representing a novel political culture neither bordering on Gandhian thought and action nor possessing the anglicised sophistication and cosmopolitanism of the Nehruvian vision, Kamaraj, rose from an underprivileged background, stood forth as a sober and robust figure winning the confidence and respect of the common people. He showed a rare political acumen and the uncanny ability to grasp social and political realities from the grass roots level upwards. A hard core political realist, his political life was never governed by any high theories or fancy jargon. Accredited with the capacity to be at ease with cliques, groups, factions and castes, Kamaraj applied his energies in favour of common people. Endowed with an extraordinary memory, his minimal formal schooling! was never a serious impediment. In fact rarely could a man from such a humble origin possess such knowledge about Tamil Nadu, be it geography or ethnography, which is beyond most intellectuals and academicians. Kamaraj rose from the lowest Congress ranks during the freedom struggle to become the president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Party for over 20 years (1940-1963) interspersed by short intervals, the chief minister of Madras (1954-1963) for nine years; and, as the president of the Indian National Congress (1964-1967), he assumed the crucial role of kingmaker. Kamarajs ascendancy is all the more significant because he belonged to the low caste Nadar community,1 which had a long history of struggle against social oppression and economic deprivation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Career of Kamarajar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Career of Kamarajar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Career of Kamarajar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Nadars, originally known as Shanars, were found principally in the two southern districts of Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. Palmyra climbing and toddy tapping were their traditional occupations. In the Hindu caste hierarchy the Nadars were ranked very low just above the untouchables and were forbidden entry into temples because of their association with alcohol. Mercantilism and Christianity played crucial roles in facilitating their upward mobility. Within a span of two centuries, they rose from near untouchability to a position of social and economic power. Though Kamaraj typified the Nadar success story he never was a leader of his community2 and transcended the bounds of Nadar caste identity3 dropping the caste title early in his political career. Hailing from Virudhupatti (now Virudhunagar), one of the early settlements of migrant Nadars, Kamaraj, born in 1903 into an ordinary small scale Nadar business family, was a school dropout at the age of 11 and for a number of years never had steady and proper employment. Kumaraswamy Kamaraj evinced interest in politics at the age of 15 when the news of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre reached his ears. Responding to the call of Gandhijis Non-Cooperation Movement, Kamaraj entered the freedom struggle as a Congress volunteer organising meetings, processions and demonstrations. He soon found an abiding place for himself in the Congress ranks as a gritty grass roots level, full-time worker and mass leader of the Congress; and he was imprisoned a number of times for actively participating in the freedom struggle. He spent a total of eight years in British Indian jails during six spells of imprisonment. When the Brahmin dominance in the Tamil Nadu Congress leadership4 was firmly entrenched and the rivalry between the two key Brahmin leaders, C Rajagopalachari and S Satyamurthi, was brewing, Kamaraj wove his way into the top echelons of the Tamil Nadu Congress organisation as the representative of the non-Brahmin enclave. The Brahmin image5 of the Congress found its affirmation at the hands of Rajaji when he introduced compulsory Hindi in schools in 1938 when he was the chief minister. This move was met with resentment and brought about an open confrontation between him and E V Ramasamy in 1938. A massive anti-Hindi agitation was launched by E V Ramasamy unleashing a vehement onslaught on the nexus between Rajaji, the Brahmin and Hindi, the Aryan language of oppression. 6 The statewide anti-Hindi campaign involved picketing schools, picketing in front of Rajajis residence and hunger strikes. E V Ramasamy was arrested in December 1938 and imprisoned for a year. This confrontation sharpened the conflict between the non-Brahmins and Brahmins within the Congress organisation. The agitation was continued till Rajaji had to opt for making Hindi an optional subject in schools in February 1940. At this crucial moment, Rajajis candidate, C P Subbiah, was defeated by K Kamaraj with the support of the Brahmin leader, Satyamurthi. Kamaraj was elected as the president of the Tamil Nadu Congress in 1940, the post which he held till he became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu in 1954. The advent of Kamaraj as the party boss from a low caste non-Brahmin background made a powerful appeal to the vast non-Brahmin majority and attracted the non-Brahmin elites and the political-minded elements who had long resented the power and privileges of the Brahmins, and broadened the social base of the Congress. The non-Brahmin presence in the Congress gained ground, rallying around Kamaraj, a rustic leader who transformed the Congress into a peoples party championing the causes of the lower castes. Kamaraj grew steadily from strength to strength displaying his organising skills to control men and matters. During these years his contact with the people and the respect he commanded made his positio n unassailable. The untimely death of Satyamurti in 1943 improved his position and gave him a further lease of power. With the Congress machinery under his control, he overshadowed his party men and effectively reduced the Brahmin dominance in the party. As the party chief, Kamaraj commenced his active role in the successive elections of the Congress legislative party of Madras and was the prime author of installing three chief ministers between 1946 and 1952: T Prakasam, Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar and Kumaraswamy Raja. The next successor Rajaji was certainly not Kamarajs choice but was appointed by the Congress high command. The re-entry of Rajaji as chief minister8 without even an election could have derailed Kamarajs emerging equations with non-Brahmins. The die was cast when Rajaji, flaunting his authority, introduced a vocational educational scheme based on hereditary calling, which met with stiff opposition not only from the Dravida Kazhagam and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, but also from a large number of non-Brahmins in the Congress quarters. This educational pattern, aimed at imparting to school children the traditional caste occupation of their parents, came to be condemned by E V! Ramasamy as kula kalvi thittam, devised to perpetuate varnashrama dharma. Rajaji also took the drastic step of closing down nearly 6,000 schools, citing financial constraints. 9 E V Ramasamy campaigned against the new educational policy much to the chagrin of Rajaji. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), formed in 1949 by breaking away from the Dravida Kazhagam, also joined the crusade against Rajajis scheme. E V Ramasamy did not rest on his oars till the scheme was dropped. This second confrontation between them proved too costly for Rajaji. Rajaji, the statesman of Brahmin hagiography, had to bow out ingloriously tendering his resignation in 1954. Rajajis political vagaries in 1938 and 1953 meant the passing of Brahmins as the controllers of Tamil Nadus political destiny till the next four decades. With the resignation of Rajaji, Kamaraj was perhaps the natural and logical choice. At the meeting of the Congress legislature party on March 31, 1954, with Rajaji presiding, his arch rival and the target of his ridicule10 Kamaraj was elected as the leader, securing 93 votes as against 41 received by C Subramaniam who was propped up by Rajaji. 1 Kamaraj as Chief Minister Kamaraj was reluctant to accept the chief ministership but the circumstance prevailed upon him as there was no alternative to the kingmaker himself ascending the throne. 12 Kamaraj took the mantle from Rajaji, and formed his first cabinet, which did not contain a single Brahmin contrary to Rajajis first ministry in 1937, dominated by Brahmins. 13 The elevatio n of Kamaraj as the chief minister on the wave of opposition to the Rajaji scheme of education, led to the development of closer ties between Kamaraj and E V Ramasamy. The Congress gained the support of E V Ramasamy and Kamarajs equation with the non-Brahmins was kept intact. E V Ramasamy was all set to endorse his solidarity with Kamaraj on the grounds that in all these years he was the first and only non-Brahmin with Tamil as his mother tongue to become the chief minister; and for the first time a full-fledged ministry had been formed without a single Brahmin headed! by Kamaraj. According to E V Ramasamy all credit should go to Kamaraj for dropping Rajajis educational scheme despite opposition from upper castes led by C Subramaniam and Bakthavatchalam who were in favour of it. 4 Extolling Kamaraj as the pacchai Tamilan he urged his followers to extend every support to sustain the Kamaraj rule and prevent it from being ousted, as the interests of Tamils were safe in his hands. 15 However, Kamaraj did not follow the exclusion of Brahmins as a deliberate policy. In fact, Brahmins were incorporated into his ministry at a later stage, one of the promi nent gainers being R Venkataraman. For Kamaraj, E V Ramasamys open proclamation of support was a great source of strength, arriving precisely at the right moment when he himself was under pressure since doubts were being echoed.

Should the Supreme Courts power of judicial review be strictly limited by a constitutional amendment essayEssay Writing Service

Should the Supreme Courts power of judicial review be strictly limited by a constitutional amendment essayEssay Writing Service Should the Supreme Courts power of judicial review be strictly limited by a constitutional amendment? essay Should the Supreme Courts power of judicial review be strictly limited by a constitutional amendment? essayHistorically, the Supreme Court personified one of the three branches of power separated by the US Constitution to maintain the democratic order in the country. In such a context, the elimination of the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review would be apparently the excessive measure, while the strict limitation of this power would raise the question whether the Supreme Court can exercise its power granted by Founding Fathers to the full extent.Therefore, the maintenance of the status quo is the only right decision that can be taken at the moment. This decision is necessary because of several reasons. First, the strict limitation of the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review creates conditions when three branches of power may be misbalanced because of the failure of the Supreme Court to exercise its power of judicial review to the full extent. Second, the limita tions imposed on the Court by the Amendment would weaken the judicial power and hypothetically it may put under a threat the US democracy (Dworkin, 2005). Finally, the limitation of the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review will be similar to the attempt of limiting the power of the US Congress of the legislative initiative.On the other hand, it is possible to argue that the limitation is essential to prevent cases of erroneous or biased decisions taken by the Supreme Court (Levin-Waldman, 2012). In addition, prejudiced decision of the Supreme Court, which has unlimited right to judicial review, may lead to the widening disparities between different groups of the US society.The limitation of the Court’s power of judicial review is like the limitation of the Congress’ right to implement certain bills and acts. This is why the implementation of such Amendment to the US Constitution seems to be unreasonable because legislators, who regulate and determine the lim itation of the judicial power, may set unfair limitations that will be favorable for them or their interest group but not for the US society. In other words, such limitation raises the high risk of the creation of even more unfair conditions for the Supreme Court’s functioning and rulings that are now.

Business munication for Japanese Business -myassignmenthelp

Japan is a country that is located on an island situated in the Pacific Ocean in East Asian with a population of 127.3 million people. The two major religions in Japan, which is one of the key elements that makes culture, are Shinto and Buddhism and the main language spoken is Japanese of course. The Japanese tradition dates back to thousands of years making it one of the countries that have the deepest traditions but at the same time non-resistant to the inevitable state of continuity and rapid changes associated with ever shifting fashions trends and technological advancements, which continuously pushes some solid boundaries, (Alston, 2015). Etiquette is an important aspect in Japan and therefore one has to do their best to be familiar with the basic rules before setting foot in the country if necessary. Because of its business culture, Japan is perceived as a difficult country to start business in by the foreign panies that aspire to venture in the Japanese business market. Business people as well as the local citizens of Japan are all generally service oriented making service the mainstay of Japanese business culture. It is not mon in the business culture of this country for someone to request for, give out, or even accept tips for the services they have rendered, this is one of the big differences between Japan and other countries’ business cultures, (Rowland 2014). In the case where one is getting ready to attend a business meeting, they have to consider the kind of first impression they will give. First impressions always begin with how someone conducts themselves in public, how they speak, how they dress and every other small thing that might not seem to matter to an outsider. An observer will tell that the Japanese have a conservative character which is fast enough but he or she will also notice that they are very formal in their dressing manner and mostly dress to impress. (Kunkel 2011). When selecting the type of business wear for a meeting, quality has to be considered. Women are expected to dress conservatively, avoid wearing pants, as it is offensive and not carry with you so many accessories. Women should avoid wearing high heels at all cost because they are not considered appropriate, (Azar 2016). In Japan, one’s attire and appearance can be associated with either having high corporate and social status or not. Japan has the hi ghest masculinity versus femininity score of 95; therefore as a woman with an intention to conduct business affairs in Japan, you will have to acknowledge the fact those traits such as effectiveness and petence. At some point, one has to take on the masculine traits, (Hanges 2013). It is therefore important to put in a lot of effort in that area and beware of what you are up against. In an occasion of any meeting related to business or any other affairs, the Japanese value high etiquette levels and protocol. In a business meeting, one should always avoid being too abrasive and brash but instead observe a conservative demeanour to gain the trust of other members of the meeting and be taken seriously whenever your opinion is required. It is important that one avoids flashy articles of clothing or flashy pens and when required to put something in writing, they should use the either the black or blue ink pens, not the red ink. When you enter, the room do not be the first to sit or be the only one left sitting while everyone else if standing, (Goldman 2014). You should follow what the other Japanese persons are doing if they are all standing up then do the same and if they are sitting down make sure to sit along., you should also wait to be directed on where to sit because mostly, the seating positions signifies the status of a person. Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture contains on that refers to the degree of inequality accepted between people with different levels of power. You should understand your place in the meeting with the highest person in the rank taking the lead or the head of the table and you as a subordinate will have to sit on one side of the table, (Vardaman 2014). During the meeting, listen carefully to what every member has to say and acknowledge their input and if necessary you can take notes of an idea said by someone else for clarity to make you part of the dialogue and give every   other person the impression that you consider the events as important as everyone else. The individualism versus collectivism dimension of culture among the six es in handy during such situations because by acknowledging individual a plishments and displaying expression of your own ideas freely will strengthen the ties you have with your Japanese host and the rest of the members in the meeting, (House 2013 ). Another vital etiquette is when meeting your Japanese host for the first time in person it is of great respect and importance that you first bow as it is observed in the traditions of the Japanese and wait to see if the other party to initiate a handshake or not. Bowing is a natural ting to them and you should not therefore assume and just offer a hand f irst, although some Japanese hosts will most likely offer a handshake considering you are a foreigner. Once the meeting s initiated, it is always considered a nice gesture to give your Japanese host a gift and if otherwise, thank your host and each individual involved to show them how much you appreciate the gift, (De 2013). It is not however a most that you carry with you a gift, but it would be smart and wise to carry one anyway. Use of nonverbal cues in nonverbal munication can be sometimes misinterpreted or misunderstood in the Japanese business culture. Excessive hand gestures and using the hands to add emphasis to words too much is to be avoided because of the reason that it is considered an informal way of conveying your message, (Genzberger 2014). Hand gestures also have their own meanings in the Japanese cultures for instance, the hand sign that is used to indicate okay in some other western countries actually means something else in Japan; it is a hand signal for money. In Japanese business etiquette, a smile carries many different interpretations and should therefore be done carefully not to send the wrong message in some business situations, (Engel 2013). Lastly silence is embraced in Japan and therefore one should not feel u fortable when suddenly the meeting room goes silent for some time as it one of their things. There are certain unspoken cultural expectations and rules that everyone needs to l earn before going to Japan and should be able to cope with anxiety because there definitely will be times when anxiety kicks in, this is explained in the uncertainty avoidance index among Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture, (Javidan 2013). The appropriate signs have to be well understood and the nonverbal munication in the business context interpreted carefully. (Kunkel 2011). Show the Japanese an effort that you are trying to understand their business etiquette and their culture. In general, despite the fact that they are usually very nice and forgiving towards foreigners, they deserve the respect which will put you in their favour and a better position with them in future. For the reason that a foreigner may not be part of the core Japanese family, one should strive to develop a high interpersonal connection to their Japanese host and take full responsibility of their actions and consequences as well as that of others; this is the second of Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture. A heavy emphasis on personal relationships is one of the key concepts shaping the Japanese business customs and culture and it is mon knowledge that social interactions is the basis of building any kind of relationship. Being a foreigner who is looking to establish and build a strong business relationship with the Japanese stakeholders, one has to keep in mind that there are rules to be considered and understood. In a social context where one is invited out for a social outing after a business meeting, turning it down is not a good idea and they should therefore make it possible enough to go. Building the right relationships fir future businesses somehow depends on how one interacts socially away from the business environment such as the workplace. When alcohol is involved, try to drink a little bit even if you are not a drunkard and never serve yourself a drink but rather wait for another person to do it for you. The indulgence versus restraint dimension es in picture at this point where people give themselves chances to enjoy themselves and have fun outside of work, (Dorfman 2013). They also put in more time in leisure activities in Japan and drinking is one of the things that people there love to do when relaxing and interacting socially. Alston, J. P., &Takei, I. (2015). Japanese business culture and practices: A guide to twenty-first century Japanese businesss. New York: iUniverse. 53(1), 43-45 Azar, R. C. (2016). Navigating japans? business culture: A practical guide to succeeding in the japanese market. s.l.: Write Way Publishing pany. 32(3), 548–73. De, M. B. (2013). Etiquette guide to Japan: Know the rules that make the difference. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle Co. 14(5), 233–249. De, M. B. (2016). Japan: Understanding & dealing with the new Japanese way of doing business!.s.l.: Phoenix Books. 33(78), 45-50 Engel, D. W., Murakami, K., & Bray, P. (2013). Passport Japan: your pocket guide to Japanese business, customs & etiquette. Petaluma, Calif, World Trade Press. 4(6), 67-79 Genzberger, C. (2014). Japan business: The portable encyclopedia for doing business with Japan. San Rafael, Calif., USA: World Trade Press. 34(22), 112-114 Goldman, A. (2014). Doing business with the Japanese: a guide to successful munication, management , and diplomacy. Albany, State University of New York Press. 43(7), 213-216 In House, R. J., In Hanges, P. J. J., In Javidan, M., In Dorfman, P. W., & In Guspta, V. (2013). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. 4(3), 205-225. Kunkel, L. M. (2011). International Business Etiquette and Manners: An Investigation of the Key Differences in Practice between the United States of America and Japan and their Effects upon munication and Working Relationships. Mu?nchen. 54(9), 78-80 Roberts, J. (2015). Business etiquette: your questions and answers. Richmond, Trotman 23(6), 45-57 Rowland, D. (2014). Japanese business etiquette: A practical guide to success with the Japanese. 43(8), 67-78 Vardaman, J. M., &Vardaman, M. S. (2014). Japanese etiquette today: A guide to business & social customs. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle. 22(6), 45-56

Discovering Cultural Models from the Analysis of Discourse Essay

Discovering Cultural Models from the Analysis of Discourse - Essay Example Members of any given culture create chunks of meaning, like the above, and use them in discourse. Finding, identifying and describing these cultural â€Å"chunks† is the purview of the ethnographer. Quinn searched for metaphors to identify cultural chunks. This eliminated a lot of processing, because almost all the sentences which contain metaphors have cultural models. Quinn used the same information in the models to verify the model. That is, the causal relationship between the model and its concepts will verify that it is a cultural model. To confirm this one only needs to talk with two or more informant about the model and verify that they use it in the same way and understand that it contains the same causal relationship and concepts. For example, saying that the bride could not wear white in the twentieth century western English speaking world meant that a woman had been married before or was not a virgin. People today still understand this concept, even though the signi ficance has vanished. Further, discourse transcripts can be used to identify the cultural models by identifying the causal relationship to the concepts. So a person using the previous phrase can be assumed to be a member of a culture which uses or used this model. Verifying requires that all alternatives be eliminated. Quinn uses the example of a watch in a box, which can be identified by opening the box and looking. Shaking the box is not enough, because it could be something else. However, if one could hear the ticking by placing the ear on the box, one might assume it is a watch quite safely, using the strong probability. Of course this only works with a watch which ticks. However, one should then corroborate it by looking in the box, or asking the person who has looked or who put it there if it is a watch. The most basic linguistic concepts seem to be universal: ideas like want, need, see, hear, think, know and feel.

Bronchial Asthma in the Age Group 6 to 11 years Essay

Bronchial Asthma in the Age Group 6 to 11 years - Essay Example In this age, children begin to learn to read and define objects in terms of use. Their time sense is as much in past as present. They are interested in relationship between home and neighborhood; knows some streets. That which is relevant to his condition was, they use sentences well; uses language to share others' experiences; may swear or use slang (Barnes, P., 1995). Psychosocially, these children still requires parental support, but pulls away from overt signs of affection. Play teaches the child new ideas and independence. The child progressively uses tools of competition, compromise, cooperation, and beginning collaboration. Body image and self-concept are fluid because of rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. The play pattern has significance to his illness. In this age, the child acts out ideas of family and occupational groups with which he has contact. When I started a conversation with him once he was stabilized, he said painting, reading, simple games, watching television, digging, running games, skating, riding bicycle, and swimming were all his enjoyed activities (Behrman, R.E., et al. Eds., 2003). In this age group, family atmosphere continues to have an impact on the child's emotional development, and he would need ongoing guidance in an open, inviting atmosphere. Limits should be set with conviction. It was important to deal with only one incident at a time. It was important to take care of the fact that the child should not feel humiliated. The parents must be aware of the environmental causes of bronchial asthma, and I made a mental note as to advise the parents that he needs assistance in adjusting to new experiences and demands of school and should be able to share experiences with family. While communicating with him, it was important to convey love and caring in communication. The child understands language directed at feelings better than at intellect. While communicating, it was better to get down to eye level with the child. In conformity to the psychological stage of this child's age group and due to the fact that he was in considerable anxiety, the child would nee d order and consistency to help in coping with doubts, fears, unacceptable impulses, and unfamiliar experiences (Davies, D., 2004). Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells play a role, including mast cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells. In susceptible children, this type of inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night and early morning. These episodes are associated with variable airflow obstruction that is commonly reversible spontaneously or with treatment. The inflammation also causes an associated increase in the existing bronchial hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. Airway inflammation is found in all children with mild,

The Secret of Finding Meaning in Life Essay Example for Free

The Secret of Finding Meaning in Life Essay Is there such thing as secret of finding meaning in life? That might some what answers me base on certain articles that I just read and as well as the video that amazed me while viewing. This first article defines life and it’s meaning which is â€Å"Meaning in Life [live the life that you want]† by Albert S. Wang, written on November 19, 1997. This article, questions you if you are really contented and happy of what you have and if this is really the life that you wanted. It is said in here that to be able to live a life that you want and to put a meaning on it; you must first know yourself from within because this makes you know of who you are, second is know where you want to go for it gives you direction in finding your happiness. These things are beginning of having a meaningful life. To find the meaning of your life, you must find it with action not just by waiting for it to come and you can also find this meaning in life not just in distant place but mostly it is found near you. Putting a meaning in your life is all about the choices and decisions that you made on where you want to go. Just live your will and you’ll see that each day you will grow in having a meaningful life. The second article that touches me is entitled â€Å"So What Will Matter?† sent by Leandro G. Cruz and shared by Joe Gatuslao of Bacolod City, Philippines. Its original title is A Life That Matters. This article is so inspiring because it stresses that all that you have got starting from yourself just like beauty, fame, wealth and all other things that you have are just in vain because these things are not forever yours, these are just passing things and you cannot bring these things when you leave earth but what really matters are the thing that you made that others will remember you of your goodness, the things that you gave not just in material aspects but in all, living your life with significance, teaching others and set yourself as an example to them. All of these things are living a life that matters. This third article has an unknown author which entitles â€Å"A Purpose†. The article speaks that all of us who are created by God has a unique and significant purpose. Each of us is given a chance to find our designated purposes but you must wait when the right time comes because God has set it for you at a time when you are equipped and ready. Most of the time you’ll experience the roughness of life but don’t be dismayed because there is always a helping hand that will take care of you, which is God who never leaves you. Just stay at the right path and do good deeds for in the end you will find your own way to the pearly white gate. The next article is the one that I liked most which is â€Å"The Journey of Our Life† shared again by Joe Gatuslao from Bacolod City, Philippines. This article actually tells a story about the Emperor who owned a huge land and he told his horseman that if he could ride on his horse and cover as much land area as he likes, then the Emperor would give him the area of land he has covered. The horseman did not stop riding and whipping the horse because he wanted to cover as much area as possible. Came to a point when he had covered a substantial area and he was exhausted and was dying. Then he asked himself, â€Å"Why did I push myself so hard to cover so much land area? Now I am dying and I only need a very small area to bury myself.† This story is really similar with the journey of our life because most of us are always striving for richness, properties, possessions, power etc. So we work harder and harder until we come to realized that all of these things are not necessary for living a happy and meaningful life; we must balance our way of living so that we could not missed something in life that might happen once. The next thing that I am going to share is all about the video clip that I watched; it’s about an old woman at the age of 47 and her name is Susan Boyle who joined in a certain show that searches for extraordinary talents namely Britain’s Got Talent. During her performance, a big shock was made by Susan because at the beginning when she first introduced herself, everybody was against her like they are judging Susan of joining the show where she looks like so ordinary and nothing to show up but when she start on singing all where stunned by her angelic voice and they gave her a standing ovation but most importantly the three big yes from the strict juries. This gives us an insight that we must not judge the person’s appearance because you’ll never know what’s the biggest surprise that comes from within. God created us with equal gifts and we must use this as an inspiration to others. This last article is a prayer entitled as â€Å"Mere Possessions†. It’s all about the prayer of a woman who asked a help from the Lord, asking that she might not put much stock in possessions because things don’t last and you cannot bring all of these things when you leave earth. That we come into the world with nothing, we leave with nothing. Having a meaningful life is about your choices and decisions that were made; just make sure you have chosen the right path because if you do then you’ll end walking along the pearly white gate and that is the fulfillment of having a meaningful life. There is really no such thing as a secret of finding a meaning in life; it’s just you who will make it meaningful by doing what is right and just; live happy and be happy all the time because life is just too short, you might missed something so let’s make the most of it.

The Importance of EDI :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Importance of EDI To stay competitive in today's global economy, businesses are being forced to re-evaluate the way they do business with their customers and their vendors. We cannot afford to close our eyes to advances in technology in the way many businesses have done in the past and continue to do even now. It is a question of do it or die in the competitive world of products and services where the well informed and the technologically equipped will reap the rewards of success. Our company is already behind others in technology and efficiency by not having EDI. Without EDI, our internal processes have poor response times, excessive paperwork floating around and potential errors that should not be necessary as well as wasting personnel time doing a work that could be automated. When business begins to trade or share core information, the return of technological investment is clear and then we realize the true value of EDI. We should not stay behind our competitors and should start now a process of implementing EDI in our company, improving our efficiency and productivity, and reach higher levels of customer satisfaction. When EDI is used as a tool to enable process change and help achieve business goals, significant benefits can be reached. EDI enhances all parts of the business process, and we would expect some impacts, such as: Â · Reduced Process-Time: the need to send and receive information is crucial in today’s business world. With EDI, data can be sent and received in seconds and 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, thus allowing business to continue outside the normal business day, and the turnaround time for a business transaction can be reduced from days to hours and, in some instances, to minutes or even seconds. Â · Increased Efficiency: the major part of data entry tasks is generated from a computer. When companies develop compatible electronic documents, data is never copied, re-keyed, or manually filed, freeing employees for more important activities, eliminating tedious work and reducing the risk of human error. Â · Optimized Inventory: managing inventory is a critical issue for any business. EDI can provide faster and more accurate information about production, buying and delivery needs. It is a link between customer, seller and vendor thus leading to improved inventory management and reduction in inventory levels. For initial EDI projects, limited objectives with perceivable benefits should be our first step.

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay

Though none opposes the fact that motivation is the real driving engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists about its mechanism, especially when it comes to explore the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one school of thought advocates for extrinsic motivation for instant solution and the other insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of intrinsic motivation. Under the present context of economic downturn, this issue is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation primarily involves money. Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, before coming into its own conclusion. Core of Motivation The core of motivation contains three elements like Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia. These three together create various mental states. Consciousness It has six major identifiable states like 1. State of awareness: When someone is aware of something (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states: Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain. Such experiences are called â€Å"qualia†, and are regarded as â€Å"intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, † (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states: A state involving more than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the world and the person’s inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states: Associating a sense of experience with another. 5. Access consciousness: It’s like seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there may or may not be any relationship among the above-said three stages. 6. Narrative consciousness: This â€Å"stream of consciousness† contains a series of thoughts from the â€Å"perspective of an actual or merely virtual self† (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refers to a personal package of intrinsic and intricate experiences, with which humans decipher various external signals and respond to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes inverted qualia, as for example someone might like green tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons. This trait has a strong connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of absent qualia claims that functional duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute clone would also do the same, for which the clone would not need an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting result through extrinsic reward – as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with cash reward, Mr.  Y would too follow the suit without a second thought! This study thus highlights two sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans’ (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind can look somewhat like below: Mechanism of Motivation Motivating Tools From the organizational perspective, the ways and means to motivate the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. Rewards 2. Retention 3. Morale 5. Job-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System: Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the emotional plane of humans. † Every behavior comes out of ‘pain and gain’ principle†, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc. 2. Retention: It highly motivates the employees, as â€Å"Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the company† (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale: The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment: It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee behavior (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. Other Factors Related to Motivation There are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are: Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2001), belief is a thought that causes the power of subconscious to be distributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall satisfaction of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999). Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to align rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to apply the common logic like optimizing the ability of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, especially where the work patterns are not interdependent. This situation commands a quick review of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation – i. e.  , an inward mechanism serving as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of one’s perception, where the journey is being enjoyed over the outcome. Extrinsic Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature – a hike in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to tweak the frequency of desired response of the employees towards a desired direction. Researchers like Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct link between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn competitive advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden cost besides the cost involved in its implementation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others. Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that reinforcement generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process; two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better: A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n < z. This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. â€Å"Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work,† says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influence the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play. On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i.  e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. Conclusion The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less. References Cacioppe, R. (1999). Using team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia†. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford: Blackwell, 519-548. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Can’t Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). Why teams don’t work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, & E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York: Plenum.

Statement of Ethics Issue

Oct 20 2012 Oct 20 2012 ACCT 3121 Instructor: Ms. Julie Chenier ACCT 3121 Instructor: Ms. Julie Chenier | Written Assignment| | Student: Yichen Chen| | Written Assignment| | Student: Yichen Chen| To: Manufacturing Manager From: Becky Knauer Date: Oct 20 2012 Subject: Action of Ethnic Issue for Mueller Imports Dear Officer, My name is Becky Knauer, the new controller in Mueller Imports. Being selected as an experienced automotive professional to join such a huge management team, I aim at using my objective view and competency in addition to all available sources to best assist the organization.Recently, while managing the financial statement, I realized there are several transactions that are susceptible for ethical issue. A $5000 monthly invoice billed from the jeweler was personally approved as â€Å"selling expense† by the company’s owner Frank Mueller. My investigation exposes that the red flag involves significant fraud: 1. The periodic watch offering to regional sa les managers and other sales exclusives indicates the bribery. By receiving expensive rewards from Mr.Mueller, sales exclusives give biased car distribution to dealers. 2. The invoice billed by a local jeweler reveals the probability of collusion. Because the watch seller does not bill the transaction as a regular sale but explained it as a â€Å"miscellaneous service†, the jeweler has the high incentive to set the underground agreement with Frank Mueller. I suspect the indirect service charge conceals this fact. 3. The false financial statements presented by Mr.Mueller reveal the misrepresentation. Mueller’s action violates the policy of segregation of duties by overriding his right to authorize the controllable cost. His statement of this expenditure â€Å"selling expense† overstates the expense and understates the net income as well. He indirectly gains comparative advantages from the transaction called into question. Frankly, in the supply shortage market, t he substantial sale and high profit goal are pushing the upper level management into a dilemma.It seems that the fraud is initiated by the owner Frank Mueller, regional sales managers, and other involved exclusives, trying to gain personal interests by committing the fraud. Even though the outstanding sales can bring in large profits for Mueller Imports in the short term, the significant performance will be reevaluated and disclosed to the public. Consequently, all individuals within the organization and third parties committing to fraud will receive their deserved penalties.In addition, if Mueller Imports announces bankruptcy, employees who are innocent from the fraudulent activities will also suffer unemployment. According to Tom York (Segregation of Duties, 22), engaging in corrupt practices creates a very unfavorable business environment by encouraging unfair advantage and anti-competitive practices. As a controller within the company, I have the right to establish the monitorin g plans for internal controls to ensure that funds are expended and recorded appropriately on the financial report (Controller Job Description, 10).Referring to the IMA’s Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, the issue should be discussed with the higher level of supervisor or management who is not involved in the issue. Since the fraud is committed by the the top level of the organization, it is inappropriate to submit the issue to any level within the organization. However, it is impractical to hands-off because the activity of committing to the fraud which violate the code of ethnic. If I do nothing, I will be drawn into the concealment of fact as well.As far as I am concerned, it is not wise to fight the unethical issue with the upper level management, nor do I want to build a hostile relationship with the people of Mueller Imports. The most viable actions are: 1. Gather enough potential fraudulent statements, 2. Take an investigation of sale managers’ life a ctivities 3. Carefully evaluate the control system. After gathering substantial evidence, I would like to initiate a confidential discussion with you as well as the IMA ethnic advisors.In accordance with code of ethics (IMA Statement of Ethical professional Practice, Page 1), I will provide objective information and concerns to the appropriate business associates in the confidential manner. Following the guidance of the code of ethics, I want to utilize my professional skills supported by the appropriate authority to address the issue. Your responses and concerns will be very important to deal with the issue. I hope it can be solved in a professional manner resulting the in the car market returning to a fair and healthy state in the long run.I am looking forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, Becky Knauer Work Cited: Controller / Business Manager Job Description The Association for Accountant and Financial Professionals in Business, IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, York, Tom, Segregation of Duties, UNC Charlotte,

League of Nations essays

League of Nations essays On the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, the armistice is signed effectively halting the war. The final Treaty of Versailles, is signed on June 28, 1919. The League of Nations, a former international organization, which was established by the treaty of Versailles a peace treaty that ended World War I. Like its successor, the United Nations, its purpose was the promotion of international peace and security. The League was a direct product of World War I in the sense that the conflict convinced most persons of the necessity of averting another such cataclysm. But its background lay in the visions of men like the Duc de Sully and Immanuel Kant and in the later growth of formal international organizations like the International Telegraphic Union and the Universal Postal Union. The Red Cross, the Hague Conferences, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration were also important stepping-stones toward international cooperation. With the proposal of Wilson Woodrows fourteen points and the creation of the Covenant, the League of Nations was officially in session. The basis of the League, was written into the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties and provided for an assembly, a council, and a secretariat. Because the peace treaties had created the League of Nations, the League was bound to uphold their principles. The League of Nations attempt to stop wars, improve peoples lives, encourage disarmament and enforce the Treaty of Versailles due to a poorly structured organization and a Treaty set out to make the strong nations stronger. The original membership of the league included the victorious of World War I, it also included many of the major powers such as Britain and France with help from Italy. The league also included 42 other minor countries. The headquarters chosen for the League was Geneva Switzerland. The exclusion of the United States, Germany and Russia might have been what...

Religion and Family in France Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Family in France - Research Proposal Example The religious background of France has been prominent throughout the Europe and the world and it is a nation which has contributed the world some of the fundamental principles of secularism and religion including the ‘freedom of religion’. A profound analysis of the family structure in France confirms that several social, religious and cultural elements as well as movements have influenced the progress of its culture. The traditional family structure of the French culture, an extended family structure, continued for a long time due, mainly, to the values of the Catholic Church and the rural communities. The French Revolution created a potent space for questioning the customs, laws, emotions, power relations, and gender assumptions that informed family life and it radically redefined the family, its internal dynamics, and its relationship to the state. There has been a vital shift from the traditional family structure to the modern family structure in the French society a nd culture.

Business Conditions Analysis (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Conditions Analysis (2) - Essay Example Along with this, the committee also take into consideration some of the minor economic indicators which do not reflect the overall economy like real sales. All these indicators are used in order to predict and analyze the economic activities which in turn facilitates in the process of identifying the peaks and troughs in the business cycle (NBER). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) has specific definitions for the recession and expansion, according to which the Business Cycle Dating Committee of NBER take decisions about the important turning points of the overall economy of United States. Because of these limited definitions, the committee is unable to distinguish between the actual shift in the business cycle from the interruptions of short level (NBER). The combine use of indicators reflecting overall economy and indicators which do not reflect overall economy can raise the concern about the double counting different industries and figures. However, on the other hand this method of using and considering both set of indicators facilitates the committee in the process of identifying accurate dates of the peaks and trough as some times the broad economic indicators can present conflicting results (NBER). The most common definition of recession which has been used by different financial and economic analysts is that recession is defined as the period of two successive and repeated quarters in which the overall GDP of the economy falls. This definition is commonly known as the two quarter definition of the recession. But, National Bureau of Economic Research does not use this two quarter definition. The Business Cycle Dating Committee gives high consideration to important monthly indicators and along with this combine different set of economic indicators in order to identify important events in more efficient and